How is interest expense calculated?

Interest expense represents the cost incurred by a business for borrowing money, and it is calculated using the formula that relates the principal amount of the loan, the interest rate, and the time period for which the money is borrowed.

Using the formula, interest expense is calculated by multiplying the principal (the amount borrowed) by the interest rate (the cost of borrowing expressed as a percentage) and by the time period for which the funds are borrowed. This allows businesses to determine exactly how much they owe in interest over a specified timeframe.

The other options do not accurately represent the formula needed to calculate interest expense, as they include unrelated financial concepts such as total revenue, total expenses, and rate of return, which do not pertain to the calculation of interest on borrowed funds.